Dance, Theater, And Cinema

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Theater,Cinema,Dance Tivoli

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Dance Theater Cinema in Modern Culture

Theater
 Place for plays-a building, room, or other setting where plays or other dramatic presentation are perform
 One of the oldest and most popular forms of entertainment, in which actors perform live for an audience on a stage or in an other space designated for the performance.
 © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Elements of Theater :
 Fundamental to the theater experience is the act of seeing and being seen; in fact, the word theater comes from the Greek word theatron, meaning "seeing place." Throughout the history of world cultures, actors have used a variety of locations for theater, including amphitheaters, churches, marketplaces, garages, street corners, warehouses, and formal buildings. It is not the building that makes theater but rather the use of space for actors to imitate human experience before audiences.
 In addition to the actor and the audience in a space, other elements of theater include a written or improvised text, costumes, scenery, lights, sound, and properties (props). Most theatrical performances require the collaborative efforts of many creative people working toward a common goal: the production.
 © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Mask of Comedy and Tragedy
 FPG International, LLC/Elizabeth Simpson
 Masks of Comedy and Tragedy
 These two masks have come to symbolize the theater and its two major dramatic categories, comedy and tragedy. Masks have played an important part in the history of drama since the time of the ancient Greeks. They were originally used to allow the actors to clearly convey emotions such as anger, joy, or sorrow to the entire audience, and they made it easier for men to portray female characters.
 Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library 2004. © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Purposes of Theater
 Theater can serve many ends. It can be designed to entertain, instruct, motivate, persuade, and even shock. But whatever the intentions of the director, performers, and crew, the result depends on the interaction with an audience. The audience for theater differs from the reader of a novel or the viewer of a painting in that it assembles as a group at a given time and place to share in the performance with the actors and all the surrounding elements of light, sound, music, costumes, and scenery. The audience affects the performance by providing the performers with immediate feedback, such as laughter, tears, applause, or silence. Each night there is continuous interaction between the auditorium and the stage.
 Some audiences want only to be entertained. Others want the theater to provide new insight and understanding about political, social, or personal issues. Throughout history theater has reflected and, at times, commented on the society in which it takes place.

Modern theater Production
 Microsoft Theater Personnel
 The Producer
In commercial and nonprofit theaters, the producer is the person who puts together the financing, management staff, and the artistic team to produce the show.


 The Director
Directors assume responsibility for the overall interpretation of a script, and they have the authority to approve, control, and coordinate all the elements of a production.

 The Performers
The Designers
 Designers collaborate with directors to create an environment for a play. That environment may be a well-appointed living room or a run-down tenement apartment, or it may be a nightclub setting or an empty stage for a chorus-line audition. The designers' work is to shape and fill the stage space and to make the play's world visible and interesting. In the modern theater various artists are responsible for different design effects. There are four principal types of designers: scene, costume, lighting, and sound.
 THE BETTMANN ARCHIVE/Ron Scherl
 Scene from La Bohème
 In this scene from La Bohème, an opera by Italian composer Giacomo Puccini, the set designer has recreated a romantic version of a 19th-century street in Paris.
The Scene designer

 Oregon Shakespeare Festival/David Cooper
 A Midsummer Night’s Dream
 Fairies emerge from doorways in space, and Bottom’s bed hangs suspended before the moon in this 1998 production of A Midsummer Night’s Dream at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in Ashland, Oregon. The set, lighting, staging, and costumes all combine to intensify the play’s enchanted, unreal atmosphere.

 The Lighting Designer
 Modern stage lighting affects what audiences see. Carefully planned lighting can establish mood and color, control the audience's focus of attention, and enhance the meaning of the play.
Costume Designer
 The costume designer is the creative artist responsible for the look of the characters and its contribution to the play’s inner meaning. Modern costume design includes a characters garment, accessories, hairstyle or wig, make up and mask, if required.
Cinema-Place where movies are shown; a building, room, or other setting where movies are shown
DANCE
It is an art performed by individuals or group of human beings, in which the human body is the instrument and movement is the medium, the medium is the stylized, and the entire dance work is characterized by form.
- Historian Richard
Motion Picture
Is a series of images that are projected onto a screen to create the illusion of motion

Motion pictures-also called movies, films, or the cinema-are one of the most popular form of entertainment enabling people to immerse themselves in an imaginary world for
a short period of time.

National Competency Based Teachers Standard

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National Competency Based Teachers Standard

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Music of the Classical Period 1750-1820

I - Introduction
Classical Period is also called the Age of Reason. The period between 1750-1820 was marked by the rise of the lower and middle classes in a democratic spirit which asserted itself in the French Revolution and the Napoleonic War.

In music, the term classical refers to the period which extends roughly from the death of J.S. Bach in 1750 to the death of Beethoven in 1827. Because cultural life was dominated by the aristocracy, the art was subservient to the ruling class and became elegant, formalized, restrained, and impersonal. Many composers were employed by the aristocracy establishment rather than the churches ads had been common in the past.
II - Abstraction
Sonata Allegro Form
The sonata allegro form is a large that is very often used as the first movement of symphonies and solo sonatas. It is a large ternary structure consisting of three main sections.

A. Exposition – in which the themes are stated; contains the principal themes; in the simple classical structure, there are only two or three themes

* Principal Theme – in the tonic key
* Subordinate Theme – in a related key such as the dominant or relative major
* Closing Theme – also called codetta; serves to bring the exposition to a close

B. Development – in which the themes are developing; on or
both the themes may be developed often by modulating to new keys.

C. Recapitulation- a restatement of the exposition; all three sections in original tonic key

* Principal theme
* Subordinate theme
* Closing theme
Mozart and the sonata
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) was considered by many as the greatest musical genius of all time. He was a child prodigy and was already composing music and playing he violin and harpsichord at the age of five. At the age of thirteen, he had written sonatas, concertos, symphonies,religious works, an opera buffs and the operetta “Bastien and Bastienne”. Mozart’s music is clear,delicate, and simple.

The sonata is a very important form during the classical period, and Mozart was one of the composers who wrote many sonatas. It is a piece for one or two instruments such as the Plano sonata,flute sonata, or sonata for flute and plano. It is usually in three or four movements.
Haydn and the symphony
Franz Joseph Hay din (1732-1809) was born in Austria to a poor family. A schoolmaster noticed how musical Haydn was and offered to support his education. At 17, he started to teach himself to compose music by studying the works of other composers. He served as Director of Music to the Esterhazy family for 30 years. He was known as a gentle man and best known for his symphonies. He was able to compose over 100 symphonies. He developed the symphony into a long form for a large orchestra, for it was during the classical period when the orchestra evolved with its sections of strings, woodwinds, brasses, and percussion.
The Classical Concerto
A concerto is a sonata for a solo instrumental and orchestra. The solo instrument can be a piano, violin, trumpet, or any instrument. It is composed of three movements, just like the sonata and symphony except that the minuet movement is omitted. Near the end of the first movement or sometimes in other movements as well is the cadenza. It’s a section for the solo instrument alone, consisting of brilliant virtuoso material which displays the technique of the performer.
The Music of Beethoven
Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770 – 1827) was born in Germany to a family of musicians and studied music at an early age. He was a talented pianist and composer and was recognized as the “Prince of All Compoers”. Even if he began to go deaf in the year 1796, he was still determined to compose music. Among his compositions are thirty-two sonatas, twenty-one set of variations, nine symphonies, concertos and choral music.
The Classical Opera
The term opera usually implies a heroic or tragic drama. This was formerly called opera seria (serious opera) or grand opera. These kind of opera employs mythological characters.

Another kind of opera is the comic opera. There are several kinds of operas: the opera comique (France), opera buffa (Italy), balled opera (18th century English comics opera), and singsplei (Germany). These operas make use of spoken dialogue and the music is less profound.

Mozart was the foremost opera composer during the classical period. He made the symphony orchestra as an intergal part of the opera. His characters are real humans with feelings and emotions. He established a balance between the dramatic and musical elements.
III – Generalization
Classical concepts include, clarity, objectivity, balance and conformity, which resulted in an impersonal and relatively unemotional style.
IV - Application
To My Future: It relate me a wide imagination in my mind about the music of the classical period before behind now.

Connect to Life: We remember how the music relate as such as people before, and we can differentiate the classical period before and the classical period from now on
V - Bibliography
Berg, Richard C et. al. Music for young
American Book Company, 1963

Mcdonald, Dorothy T. and Gene M. Simons,
Musical growth and development, Birth Though Six, U.S.A
Schimer Book, 1989.

Moomaw, Sally. Discovering Music in early time
Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon. Inc. 1989.

CONSUMER EDUCATION

CONSUMER HEALTH PROTECTION

Introduction

Consumer health refers to the decisions you make about the purchase of product and use of health information and services that will have direct effect on your health. Health information is the data and facts you got from media and people including the professionals and agencies.
Health products are those substances, materials or equipment prepared or manufactured for you to buy and use in the maintenance of health and the treatment of diseases. Example is foods, eyeglasses, medicines, cosmetics, cars, appliances and others.
Health services refer to health information, actions, procedures or work furnished, or supplied to help satisfy your needs and wants as a consumer. This is services and things people do to and for other people. Example of health services are medical consultation and treatment, using the telephone, using the electricity, and payment for transportation, payment for haircut, payment for news papers and your favorite magazines and comics.
Consumer health education is the process of assisting you to acquire the correct information and understanding so that you will able to make wise decision about a certain health item.

WHO IS A CONSUMER?
We all are because we are all users. We use goods and services every day. We need food, clothing and shelter. We travel on busses and trains, visit the doctors and dentist, go to the library, or watch television. At home we use energy in the form of gas, electricity, coal, expect clean drinkable water from the tap.

CONSUMER- means a natural person who is a purchaser, lessee, recipient or prospective purchaser, lesser or recipient of consumer products, services or credit.

CONSUMER RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
Being good consumer means knowing what to look out for and what to avoid. It means know where and how to get the best value for money, where to go if things go wrong. Your role as a consumer has both right and responsibilities.
1. The right to safety- To be protected against products, production, processes and services that are hazardous to health or life
2. The right to be informed- To be given facts needed to make an informed choice and protected against dishonest or misleading advertising and labeling
3. The right to choose- to be able to select from a range of products and services and competitive prices with an assurance satisfactory quality.

Family Planning

Family Planning

• The concept of enhancing the quality of families w/c includes:

• Regulating & spacing childbirth

• Helping subfertile couples beget children

• Counseling parents and would-be parents

• The privilege and the obligation of the (married) couple exclusively to decide w/ love when and how many children provided: the motive is justified and the means are moral.

• Involves personal decisions based on each individual’s background, experiences and sociocultural beliefs. It involves thorough planning to be certain that the method chosen is acceptable and can be used effectively.

METHODS USE TO PREVENT CONCEPTION

Natural methods ( The only method accepted by the catholic church)

Coitus interruptus (least effective method)

• Oldest type of birth control practiced by man.

• The premature withdrawal of the penis before ejaculation during sexual intercourse

• Reliability is low because sperms are emitted in varying quantities in the normal lubricating fluid secreted throughout intercourse

• Psychological disadvantage

• Not accepted by the Catholic Church

Coitus reservatus

• Male does not reach orgasm and therefore no ejaculation occurs

• Requires considerable control over the sexual urge

Coitus interfemora – “ipit” (kaskas lang)

Rhythmic abstinence

• Identification of the periods of fertility and the periods of sterility in the menstrual cycle of a woman and the restriction of sexual intercourse to the sterile periods or the time when the pregnancy is unlikely because the woman is biologically unprepared to conceive.

• Also known as “safe or infertile period” technique and “natural birth control” or NFP because there is nothing artificial used to prevent conception.

• These methods are based on the ff. principles:

• The human ovum is susceptible to fertilization for approx. 18-24 hours after ovulation

• The sperms deposited in the vagina are ordinarily capable of fertilizing the ovum for no more than 72 hours

• Present methods of determining ovulation time are inexact and seldom sufficiently predictive (by at least 48 hours) so that in practice, it is necessary to avoid intercourse for a far longer period of time than 72 hours before ovulation and 24 hours after ovulation

Calendar method

• The use of mathematical calculations to predict the probable time of ovulation. “Ovulation most often takes place 14 days before the onset of the next menstruation.”

• Ogino-knaus formula:

1.Determine the shortest and longest cycle

ex. Shortest cycle = 28 days

Longest cycle = 36 days

2.If the cycle is irregular, subtract 18 from the shortest and 11 from the longest

ex. 28-18=10 ex. 25-18=7

36-11=25 29-11=18

3. The difference between the shortest cycle and 18 determines the earliest time when ovulation occur.

4. The difference between the longest cycle and 11 determines the last day when ovulation can occur

5. OVULATION CAN OCCUR ANYTIME IN BETWEEN.

6. In a regular 28 day cycle, abstinence should be observed from day 9 to day 17. (count 5 days before the earliest ovulation and 3 days after the last day)

Basal Body Temperature

• This relies on slight changes (0.3 to 0.6ºC) in basal body temp. that may occur just before ovulation

• Pre-ovulatory temperature is low because of high estrogen levels

• Post-ovulatory temp. rise is due to high progesterone

• The temperature is taken every morning at the same time with the same thermometer just before arising and after at least 4-6 hours of continuous sleep.

• 3 days of elevation indicate temperature change is due to ovulation

• Abstinence should be observed 5 days before and 3 days after temperature rise.

Billings or CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD

• A particular type of cervical mucus felt by the woman at the vaginal opening is a signal of ovulation

• Research shows this type of mucus appears necessary for conception. Without the mucus, sperm transport is impeded.

Lactational Amenorrhea Method

• LAM is based on scientific evidence that a woman is not fertile and unlikely to become pregnant during full lactation or exclusive breastfeeding. Full lactation describes breastfeeding when no regular supplemental feeding of any type is given (not even water) and the infant is feeding both day and night with little separation from the mother.

• LAM provides maximum protection as long as:

• Menstruation has not resumed and

• Bottle feeds or regular food supplements are not introduced and

• Baby is less than 6 months of age.

Successful use of natural methods to prevent pregnancy depends upon:

• The accuracy of the method in identifying the woman's actual fertile days

• A couple's ability to correctly identify the fertile time

• The couple's ability to follow the rules of the method they are using

Advantages of natural family planning method

• Safe and has no side-effects

• Inexpensive

• Acceptable to religious affiliations that do not accept artificial methods of contraception

• Helpful for planning pregnancy and avoiding pregnancy

• Promotes communication about family planning and contraception between couples.

Disadvantages

• Involves long preparation and intensive recording before it can be used.

• There is a need to abstain on certain days which may be inconvenient for the couple.

• Not ideal to women with irregular cycles.

• Not very reliable because of menstrual cycle variations that may occur anytime.

LOCAL BARRIER METHODS

CONDOM

Disadvantages:

• Self-lubricated type breaks easily

• Penis must be withdrawn from the vagina before

it becomes flaccid

• Lessen sexual enjoyment by the male

Vaginal Diaphragm

• A shallow,dome-shaped rubber device with a flexible wire rim that covers the cervix; maybe inserted several hours before intercourse and left in place for at least 6 hours after the last intercourse

• Initially fitted by a health professional

• Weight loss/gain of 15 lbs may require re-fitting

• Inserted before intercourse with the woman in squatting or supine position, or with one leg elevated on a chair

• May cause cervicitis if left in place for too long

• Washed with mild soap & water, lasts for 2-3 years

• 97% efficiency

Cervical Cap

• Comes in 2 types: presized (S-M-L) and custom fitted (a plastic cap fitted to conform to the individual woman’s cervix made after making a mold of cervix with non-toxic substance used to make contact lenses)

• Contraindications: hx of TSS, PID, cervicitis, cervical Ca, vaginal bleeding, an allergy to latex/spermicide

• most durable than diaphragm no need to apply spermicide

C/I: abnormal pap smear

Side-Effects of Spermicides • You or your partner may be allergic to materials in spermicide. This can cause genital irritation, rash, or itchiness. If this happens and your spermicide has nonoxynol-9, try a spermicide without this chemical.

Intravaginal contraceptives (spermicides)

Advantages

• Available without a prescription.

• Lubrication may increase pleasure.

• Use can be part of sex play.

• Does not affect future fertility.

Disadvantages

• Does not protect against HIV/AIDS.

• Must be readily available and used prior to penetration.

• Can be messy.

• Can have a bad taste during oral sex.

• Possible genital irritation.

• When used frequently spermicides may irritate the vagina making it easier to catch HIV/STI

Contraceptive pills

• Estrogen & progesterone prevent pregnancy by inhibiting the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary so that ovulation does not occur. They also inhibit fertility by:

1. Altering the motility of the fallopian tubes

2. Inadequately developing the endometrium

3. Keeping cervical mucus unreceptive and unsupportive of sperm

Implant (Norplant)

• 6 tiny silicone rubber capsules or 2 rods containing progestin (evonorgestiel), surgically implanted under the skin of the upper arm; removed surgically in about 5 years or when the woman wishes to discontinue the method.

• disadvantage if keloid skin

• as soon as removed – can become pregnant

Advantages:

• Long term reversible contraception

• Do not interfere with coitus

• Has no estrogen related side-effects

• Can be used during breastfeeding

• Can be used by adolescents

• Rapid return of fertility w/c occurs 3 months after removal

Disadvantages:

• Expensive

• Scarring at insertion site

Contraindications:

• Pregnancy

• Desire to get pregnant within 2 years

• Undiagnosed vaginal bleeding

Injectable contraceptive (Depo-provera, Noristerat, etc.)

• Synthetic progestin hormones injected into muscle: administered every 3 months

They exert their contraceptive effect by inhibiting ovulation, altering cervical mucus and preventing endometrial growth. The woman does not menstruate with this contraception. It has the same advantages, disadv., and contraindications as implants.

Disadvantages:

• Fertility return is usually delayed by 6 months

• Higher risk for osteoporosis so advise to increase calcium intake and engage in weight bearing exercise

Impair glucose tolerance in women at risk for DM

Prevention of Implantation

IUD (Intra-Uterine Device)

Ø An object made of plastic or non-reactive metal (nickel-chromium alloy) that fits inside the uterine cavity

Ø Manufactured in several shapes (loop, coil, spiral)

Ø Causes a chronic inflammatory response in the endometrium, discouraging implantation of a fertilized ovum

Ø Conception may occur; if implantation takes place, it causes early abortion

Ø Usually inserted during the menstrual phase

IUDs come with increased risk of ectopic pregnancy and perforation of the uterus and do not protect against sexuallytransmitted disease. IUDs are prescribed and placed by health care providers.

STERILIZATION/ PERMANENT CONCEPTION CONTROL

Tubal Occlusion / Bilateral Tubal Ligation

- Involves tying, cutting or cauterizing the fallopian tbes

- Usually done immediately after delivery (within 24-48 hours) when the incidence of morbidity & failure are lowest

- May also be done in any phase of the menstrual cycle

methods

Vasectomy / Vas ligation

• Accomplished without entry into the abdominal cavity; twin incisions are made in the area where the scrotum joins the body, just over the vas deferens

• The tubes are tied and seperated; portions maybe excised

• Follow-up sperm counts maybe done after.

After vas ligation, the man is considered sterile: After 20 or more ejaculation, zero sperm count